東莞英凱教育（環(huán)球雅思分校）
雅思口語備考秘籍之語音與語調(diào)
話語中聲調(diào)高低的變化叫做語調(diào)。
語調(diào)是英語語言的一種特性，它可以使話語的含義表達(dá)得更加完整和明確，可以幫助人們表達(dá)不同情感。借助語調(diào)來表明句子中單詞和句子之間的語法關(guān)系是什么，表示說話者對(duì)他人或思考對(duì)象的態(tài)度和表達(dá)的隱含意思。
同一句話用不一樣的語調(diào)表達(dá)出來，表示的含義可能完全不同。
英語為母語的人在對(duì)話過程中對(duì)語調(diào)比較敏感，而英語為第二語言學(xué)習(xí)者往往掌握不好語調(diào)的運(yùn)用。倘若用錯(cuò)語調(diào)，可能會(huì)出現(xiàn)自己不知，而已經(jīng)引起他人誤會(huì)的情況。
了解并掌握有關(guān)英語語調(diào)的相關(guān)知識(shí)可以促進(jìn)無障礙地域英語國家的人們進(jìn)行交流。
在雅思口語考試中，考生的語調(diào)控制能力也是一個(gè)重要的評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。下面筆者總結(jié)歸納了英語語調(diào)的三大功能：
1語調(diào)的表態(tài)功能
英語語調(diào)能夠表達(dá)說話者的喜惡和態(tài)度。高興、驚奇、生氣、悲傷、寬慰、憤怒、不感興趣、保留意見等都可以通過語調(diào)準(zhǔn)確表達(dá)出來。因此，表明說話者態(tài)度是英語語調(diào)最普遍性的功能。
2語調(diào)的強(qiáng)調(diào)功能
英語語調(diào)單位又稱作語調(diào)群，一個(gè)完整的語調(diào)單位由調(diào)冠、調(diào)頭、調(diào)核和調(diào)尾四部分組成。其中調(diào)核是最重要性的音節(jié)，它的改變可能帶來句子強(qiáng)調(diào)重心的改變。
通過調(diào)核調(diào)整，說話者可以把聽眾的注意力集中到重要內(nèi)容上，突出自己想要強(qiáng)調(diào)的部分。
3語調(diào)的語法功能
語調(diào)中所涵蓋的信息和語調(diào)單位的劃分、調(diào)核位置的變化以及調(diào)型的選擇等能保住聽者更準(zhǔn)確地識(shí)別語法和句法結(jié)構(gòu)，了解句子意思。
首先語調(diào)的語法功能可以體現(xiàn)在區(qū)分陳述句和疑問句上。其次，語調(diào)的語法功能可以幫助模糊不清有歧義的句子把意思表達(dá)清楚。
a)降調(diào)形式
|
句式 |
例句 |
|
a) 陳述句 |
Thank you↓. You’re quite right. I’m afraid I must be off. |
|
b) 特殊疑問句 |
What time can I see you? What’s the matter with you? How long have you lived in this city? |
|
c) 祈使句 |
Come in. Have a seat. Show me your ID card. |
|
d) 感嘆句 |
What a hot day! How silly it is! Isn’t it lovely! |
b)升調(diào)形式
|
句式 |
例句 |
|
a) 一般疑問句 |
Have you been staying here long? Are you free tomorrow morning? Is your major difficult to learn? |
|
b) 祈使句 |
Won’t you take a seat? Shall we start right now? Could you rephrase your question? |
|
c) 陳述句 |
I can’t wait that long. I’m sorry to have kept you waiting. I thought everything would be all right. |
c)升調(diào)在前，降調(diào)在后（前升、后降）
|
句式 |
例句 |
|
a) 選擇疑問句，要求回答者選擇任何一個(gè) |
Do you prefer tea↑ or coffee↓? Is he still here↑ or has he gone home already↓? Which one do you think is better, urban life↑ or rural life↓? |
|
b) 以狀語或者狀語從句開始的句子 |
At ten o’clock in the morning↑, the game began↓. When I was a freshman↑, I joined the student union↓. As long as you have more confidence↑, you’ll definitely speak good English well↓. |
|
c) 羅列事物 |
She’s confident↑, diligent ↑and self-motivated↓. There’s a chair↑, a table↑, a bed↑ and a desk↓ in the room↓. We prepared a variety of food for the picnic, like fruits↑, cookies↑, salad↑ and sandwiches↓. |
d)降調(diào)在前，升調(diào)在后（前降、后升）
|
句式 |
例句 |
|
a) 反義疑問句，表示說話人有一些疑惑，要肯定一下自己的看法 |
He works in a bank in town↓, doesn’t he↑? You went to the concert yesterday, didn’t you? You have graduated from the university, haven’t you? |
|
b) 前面是陳述句，后面有一個(gè)表示不肯定或有疑慮的附加語 |
It’s going to rain↓, I’m afraid↑. |
e)前后都是降調(diào)（前降、后降）
|
句式 |
例句 |
|
c) 主語在前，狀語或狀語從句在后的陳述句 |
He will know better ↓when he gets older↓. I am not going to go back to my hometown↓ after I graduate from the university↓. Amy has been working so hard in her English study↓ so that she could obtain a good mark in the IELTS test↓. |
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d) 有兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上并列句的句子 |
The telephone rang↓, but I didn’t answer it↓. I got stuck in the heavy traffic↓, so I was totally late for the concert↓. Chris left his hometown in his younger age, struggled alone in another city and eventually he made his dream realized. |
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