01題型統(tǒng)計(jì)如下:
02真題合集:
01同意與否(21)
1.In modern life, it is no longer acceptable to use animals as food or in other products, like clothing and medicine. To what extent do you agree or disagree? 20191130
2.In modern age, some people think it is unnecessary to teach children the skill of handwriting. To what extent do you agree or disagree? 20191123
3.Parents have powerful influence on children’s growth. However, some people think the influence from outside the home plays a bigger part of children’s development. To what extent do you agree or disagree? 20191116
4.Some people think that companies and individuals should pay to clean up the pollution they produced, and governments should not pay for it. To what extent do you agree or disagree? 20191026
5.The international community should take actions immediately to ensure that all countries should reduce the consumption of fossil fuels such as gas and oil. To what extent do you agree or disagree? 20191019
6.More and more people today are using computers and other electronic devices to access information. Therefore, there is no need to print books, magazines, or newspapers on paper. To what extent do you agree or disagree? 20191012
7.Some people think the best way to reduce the crime rate committed by young adults is to teach parents parenting skills. To what extent do you agree or disagree? 20191010
8.It is a natural process for animal species to become extinct (e.g. dinosaurs and dodos no longer exist). There is no reason why people should try to prevent this from happening. To extent do you agree or disagree? 20190914
9.Nowadays, some people claim that public museums and art galleries will not be needed because people can see historical objects and works of art by using a computer. To what extent do you agree or disagree? 20190831
10.When new town is planned, it is more important to develop public parks and sports facilities than shopping centres for people to spend their free time. To what extent do you agree or disagree? 20190112
11.Although more people read Internet news nowadays, newspapers are still the most important source of news for the majority of people. To what extent do you agree or disagree? 20190119
12.Nowadays, children spend too much time watching TV and playing computer games. Some people believe that this has negative effects on children’s mental abilities. To what extent do you agree or disagree? 20190216
13.Some people think that a huge amount of time and money is spent on the protection of wild animals and that money is better spent on human population. To what extent do you agree or disagree? 20190223
14.Employers should give their staff at least 4 weeks for holidays a year to make employees better at their jobs. To what extent to you agree or disagree? 20190302
15.As part of education, students should spend a period of time studying and living in a different country to learn languages and cultures. To what extent do you agree or disagree? 20190309
16.Once children start school, teachers have more influence on their intellectual and social development than parents do. To what extent do you agree or disagree? 20190323
17.Some people think the increasing use of technology in workplace is good for young people, but hard for old people. To what extent do you agree or disagree? 20190504
18.Most of world’s problems are caused by over-population. To what extent do you agree or disagree? 20190511
19.A 4-week’s holiday can make employees do better at job. To what extent do you agree or disagree? 20190518
20.Some people say that individuals can do nothing to improve the environment, and only governments and large companies can make a difference. To what extent do you agree or disagree? 20190613
21.Governments are spending enormous amount of money on old buildings in big cities. Some people believe that governments will get more benefit if the money will be spent on new housing and road development. To what extent do you agree or disagree? 20190718
02雙邊討論(10)
1.In some cultures, old people are more highly valued than the youth, while other cultures value the youth more. Discuss both views and give your own opinion. 20191107
2.Some people say that economic growth is the only way to end world poverty and hunger. Others say that economic growth is causing damage to the environment and should be stopped now. Discuss both views and give your opinion. 20190907
3.Some people say that drug companies have the responsibility to spend money on researching medicine to help the poorer countries, while others think the main responsibility of drug companies is making money. Discuss both views and give your own opinion. 20190810
4.Some people think that all children should learn about history at school. Others, however, believe that other subjects are more relevant to children’s lives today. Discuss both views and give your own opinion. 20190801
5.Some people argue that the fittest and strongest individuals and teams can achieve the greatest success in sports. But other people think the success in sports is much related to the mental attitude. Discuss both these views and give your own opinion. 20190105
6.Some people believe that women should play an equal role as men in a country’s police force or military force. However, others think that women are not suitable for these kinds of jobs. Discuss both views and give your own opinion. 20190126
7.Some people think that the best way to reduce time spent in travelling to work is to replace parks and gardens close to the city centers with apartment buildings where commuters can live, but others disagree. Discuss both these views and give your own opinion. 20190406
8.Some people believe that famous people’s support towards international aid organizations draws attention to the problems, while others think celebrities make the problems less important. Discuss both these views and give your own opinion. 20190413
9.Human activities have negative effects on plant and animal species. Some people think it is too late to do anything. However, others believe that effective act should be taken to improve this situation. Discuss both views and give your own opinion. 20190601
10.Some people claim that many things that children are taught at school are the waste of time. Other people argue that everything they study at school is useful at some time. Discuss both views and give your own opinion. 20190629
03雙問(wèn)報(bào)告(5)
1.Nowadays, many people spend less time at home. What are the reasons? What are the effects for individuals and the whole society? 20191221
2.Nowadays people are living in a throw-away society where they always throw old things away. What causes this problem? What effects does this lead us to? 20191214
3.The world of work is changing rapidly and people cannot depend on the same job or same conditions of work for life. Discuss the possible causes for this rapid change, and give your suggestions on how people should prepare for work in the future? 20191102
4.In some countries, people waste a lot of food that they buy in shops and restaurants. Why do people waste food? What can we do to reduce the waste? 20190117
5.In many parts of the world children and teenagers are committing more crimes. Why is this the case? How should children or teenage criminals be punished? 20190523
04優(yōu)缺對(duì)比(6)
1.In some countries, the difference in age between parents and children is generally greater than it was in the past. Do you think advantages outweigh disadvantages? 20190928
2.More and more parents allow their young children to play computer or laptop (e.g. Ipad), because they think that children need good technological skills. Do the advantages of this outweigh its disadvantages? 20190817
3.New technologies change the way children spend their free time. Do the advantages outweigh the disadvantages? 20190214
4.As countries develop, more and more people buy and use their own cars. Do you think the advantages of this trend for individuals outweigh the disadvantages for the environment? 20190622
5.Research says that more and more business training and business meeting are taking place online. Do the advantages of this outweigh its disadvantages? 20190706
6.Many people aim to achieve the balance between their work and lives. But few people can achieve it. Some people prefer to have temporary jobs, who only work for a few months a year and use the rest of time to do whatever they like. Do advantages of this outweigh its disadvantages? 20190720
05積極消極(1)
1.In some counties, older people are choosing to live in retirement communities with other old people rather than live with their adult children. Is it a positive or negative development? 20191207
06混合提問(wèn)(5)
1.Many young people in the workforce today change their jobs or careers every few years. What are the reasons? And do you think the advantages of this outweigh its disadvantages? 20191212
2.Newspapers are having enormous influence on people’s ideas and opinions. Why is this the case? Is it a positive or negative development? 20190314
3.In many countries, young people are leaving their homes from rural areas to study or work in cities. Why is this the case? Do advantages of this trend outweigh its disadvantages? 20190425
4.Some people think certain old buildings are worth preserving more than the other ones. Which types of old buildings should be preserved? Do you think the advantages of preserving old buildings outweigh the disadvantages? 20190427
5.Some parents give their children everything they ask for or whatever they want to do. Is this good for children? What should be the consequences for these children when they grow up? 20190727
07其他(2)
1.In some countries, secondary schools aim to provide a general education across a range of subjects. In others, children focus on a narrow range of subjects related to a particular career. For today’s world, which system is appropriate? 20190912
2.Research into new types of medicine and treatments is essential for improving health level and deal with disease. Who do you think should fund this kind of research: private companies, individuals, or governments? 20190824
]]>雅思6分作文范文解析:
Somepeoplethinkthatasenseofcompetitioninchildrenshouldbeencouraged.Othersbelievethatchildrenwhoaretaughttoco-operateratherthancompetebecomemoreusefuladults.Discussboththeseviewsandgiveyourownopinion.
Nowadays,purposeofeducationbeingchangedinKorea.Therearesomepeoplewhothinkthatcompetitioninchildrenshouldbemade,alsoothersbelievethatchildrenwhoaretaughttoco-operateaswellasbecomemoreusefuladults.Thereareadvantagesanddisadvantagesforbothofthearguments.
Tobeginwith,whatisgoodifasenseofcompetitioninchildrenismade?Theycoulddevelopthemselvesmoreandmoreastheylearnandstudyalottowinfromthecompetition.Toprovethis,inKorea,itispopular-evencommonnow-tohaveatutorwhocometostudent’shousetoteachextrapiecesofstudywithpayingalotofmoney.Theylearnfasterthanwhattheylearnatschool.Furthermore,duringthevocations,studentsstudyabroadtolearnEnglishforamonthinsteadofreviseschoolwork.Iftheyhaveexperimentssuchasstudyabroad,itisoneofthegreatestpluspointtogotothefamouswell-knownhighschool.Moreover,therearefourbigschoolexamandtwonationalexaminationstoteststudents’levelofstudies.Generally,onlythehighest40%cangotothegoodqualityhighschoolsandcollegeschildrenlearnasmuchastheycan,towinthecompetitiontoobtaingoodqualityschools.
Ontheotherhand,astheyarebusytoentertheschoolsandstudyindividuallywiththeirowntutors,thereareproblems.Theybecomeselfish.Theybecomecarelessanddon’thelpothersalotifitisaboutstudies.Therewillbenoco-operationsforthem.Then,whyaretherecompaniesformanypeopletoworkin?eachofthemareclever,however,thereareweakpartsandstrongpartsforeachperson.Toco-operateistoimprovethispart.Peopletalkandlistentowhatothersthinkingofandlearn.Thatcouldalsobeagreatopportunitytolearninsteadoflearningalonewithoneteacher.
Inconclusion,Istronglyagreewiththatchildrenshouldbetaughttoco-operateratherthancompete.Nobodyisperfect.Peoplelearntogether,worktogethertodevelopeachother.therefore,Iwantparentsandteacherstoeducatechildrenconcentratingonco-operation,notcompeteandrankingthem.
問(wèn)題分析:
從論證大主題的角度而言,此篇文章的收尾是co-operation更重要的成立的,但是這位考生在文字?jǐn)?shù)量分配上卻沒(méi)有規(guī)劃,分配給competition的文字明顯多于給co-operation的,這樣給了考官一個(gè)非常合情合理的借口扣分,實(shí)在是遺憾啊!
寫作建議NO.5:Ifitisyourpreference,giveitmorereference.
若大家認(rèn)同那個(gè)觀點(diǎn),那么便在這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)上多寫點(diǎn)吧。
若大家進(jìn)一步看下Body段里的細(xì)節(jié)內(nèi)容,事實(shí)上這位考生的語(yǔ)法功力以及邏輯論證能力比上面那位5分同學(xué)還有一定的距離,但是這篇文章將題目里的2個(gè)方面都提到,沒(méi)有犯我的NO.3建議中的錯(cuò)誤。除此之外,文字總量上這一篇文章稱之為2篇都有明顯的優(yōu)勢(shì),所以再?gòu)?qiáng)調(diào)下數(shù)量真的也很重要。
以上是環(huán)球雅思老師為你介紹的內(nèi)容。希望大家可以仔細(xì)的閱讀,如果還想了解更多的有關(guān)雅思考的信息,可以點(diǎn)擊頁(yè)面的咨詢框,會(huì)有專業(yè)的老師為你解答。
環(huán)球雅思秉持教育成就未來(lái)的理念,專注于為中國(guó)學(xué)子提供優(yōu)質(zhì)的出國(guó)語(yǔ)言培訓(xùn)及配套服務(wù)。環(huán)球雅思在教學(xué)中采用“九步閉環(huán)法”,幫助學(xué)生快速提升學(xué)習(xí)效能,同時(shí)提供優(yōu)質(zhì)的課后服務(wù),跟進(jìn)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)進(jìn)程,為優(yōu)質(zhì)教學(xué)提供堅(jiān)強(qiáng)的保障。目前,環(huán)球雅思東莞學(xué)校已構(gòu)建了包含語(yǔ)言培訓(xùn)、出國(guó)咨詢、國(guó)際課程、游學(xué)考察、在線課程等在內(nèi)的一站式服務(wù)教育生態(tài)圈。相關(guān)問(wèn)題可在線免費(fèi)咨詢,或撥打免費(fèi)熱線0769-21682008~
]]>眾所周知,國(guó)外高校的雅思口語(yǔ)分?jǐn)?shù)大多在6分及以上,可以說(shuō)是口語(yǔ)要求的一個(gè)及格線,下面是小編給大家分享的雅思口語(yǔ)6分備考方法,大家可以作為參考。
雅思口語(yǔ)如何拿6分
第一,優(yōu)先提升流利度。想要提升流利度,必須要堅(jiān)持開口多說(shuō),口語(yǔ)錄音是非常好的方法,一開始盡量做到流利,然后再回聽錄音,去發(fā)現(xiàn)錄音里的語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤,下次錄音中有意識(shí)地正確使用相應(yīng)語(yǔ)法點(diǎn)。
眾所周知,大多數(shù)中國(guó)考生口語(yǔ)練習(xí)量少且“難開口”,一般不太愿意去說(shuō)英語(yǔ),其實(shí)這些都是口語(yǔ)表達(dá)能力提升的主要障礙,既然口語(yǔ)不好,那就更應(yīng)該開口多說(shuō),所以口語(yǔ)錄音練習(xí)這是不可避免且最有效的提升方法。
第二,流利度提升的基礎(chǔ)上,糾正語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤,提升準(zhǔn)確性。一開始可以每次重點(diǎn)糾正一個(gè)語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤,例如主謂一致,在下一次的錄音中,強(qiáng)化這一方面的意識(shí),直到能夠準(zhǔn)確使用主謂搭配。
在改正一個(gè)錯(cuò)誤習(xí)慣后,再有意識(shí)地去改下一個(gè),例如動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)問(wèn)題等,循序漸進(jìn),逐步提升。最終做到能夠流利地說(shuō)出基本沒(méi)有語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤的內(nèi)容。)
第三,流利度和語(yǔ)法準(zhǔn)確性提升之后,重點(diǎn)要提升回答問(wèn)題、口語(yǔ)表達(dá)的邏輯性、條理性。
1. 忌“繞圈圈”或“答非所問(wèn)”。例如,考官問(wèn)道:“你認(rèn)為一個(gè)國(guó)家舉辦奧運(yùn)會(huì)有哪些好處?”考生要避免答非所問(wèn),例如回答:“There are many/various advantages.”應(yīng)該簡(jiǎn)明扼要地回答考官的問(wèn)題。
例如:“我認(rèn)為主要有兩方面好處,一方面好處是……;另外一方面好處是……”
2. 忌句子堆砌,生硬連接。也就是說(shuō),句子之間要靈活使用邏輯連接詞、代詞等連接手段,提升口語(yǔ)表達(dá)的邏輯性和條理性。
總之,有條理的回答會(huì)給考官留下較好的印象,同時(shí)也讓考官知道你在說(shuō)什么,對(duì)你的答案(有幾方面的要點(diǎn))有預(yù)期,而不是不知道你要講多少,也不知道你要講到哪里才結(jié)束。
不過(guò),這一點(diǎn)仍然需要堅(jiān)持錄音練習(xí)來(lái)改善,大多數(shù)考生在錄音時(shí)或?qū)嶋H考試中會(huì)因?yàn)榫o張而忘記去注意表達(dá)的邏輯性和條理性,一開始可以強(qiáng)迫自己每隔兩句就要加一些邏輯銜接,例如一些副詞銜接unfortunately等。
第四,關(guān)于詞匯量和發(fā)音的評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)要求,參考官方的6分口語(yǔ)范例不難看出,這個(gè)分?jǐn)?shù)段對(duì)于高端詞匯和發(fā)音沒(méi)有過(guò)多的要求。因此想要達(dá)到6分的考生應(yīng)當(dāng)優(yōu)先提升本文前面提到的三個(gè)方面的口語(yǔ)表現(xiàn),在此基礎(chǔ)上,考生注意以下兩個(gè)方面即可:
1. 單詞發(fā)音要標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。常見單詞發(fā)錯(cuò)會(huì)影響表達(dá)的準(zhǔn)確性,不準(zhǔn)確的發(fā)音不僅會(huì)影響考生對(duì)考官所提問(wèn)題的理解,也會(huì)導(dǎo)致考官無(wú)法理解考生想要表達(dá)的準(zhǔn)確意思,最終分?jǐn)?shù)受到影響。
關(guān)于口音的問(wèn)題,其實(shí),想要練成標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的美音或者英音需要更長(zhǎng)期的模仿、練習(xí),一般來(lái)說(shuō)短期備考不太容易取得明顯的改善。故建議備考重心放在單詞發(fā)音的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)性上。
2. 雅思6分口語(yǔ)通常要求考生詞匯量約為4500-5000,所以考生要注意不同口語(yǔ)話題的詞匯、表達(dá)方式的積累,在此基礎(chǔ)上先追求能夠準(zhǔn)確使用每個(gè)詞匯及表達(dá),這一點(diǎn)也是需要通過(guò)不斷反復(fù)錄音來(lái)應(yīng)用、改錯(cuò),提升熟練度。
]]>雅思考試是很多計(jì)劃出國(guó)留學(xué)小伙伴的必經(jīng)之路,備考雅思的過(guò)程中掌握方法很重要。下面是小編給大家分享的雅思聽力備考方法,大家可以作為參考。
雅思聽力訓(xùn)練三項(xiàng)要素
一、雅思聽力詞匯量的積累
掌握大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)的詞匯量是保證雅思考好的必要條件。不僅要會(huì)辨認(rèn)這些詞匯,還要能夠拼寫。雅思聽力部分所要求的語(yǔ)法并不太難,初高中語(yǔ)法足以應(yīng)付。
如果沒(méi)有足夠的詞匯和基本的語(yǔ)法知識(shí),很多答案即使能聽出來(lái),但也可能由于知識(shí)的不牢固而答不出來(lái)。
二、雅思聽力句子結(jié)構(gòu)的熟悉
掌握雅思聽力首要因素是掌握句子結(jié)構(gòu),因此語(yǔ)法基礎(chǔ)要掌握。常見的日常用語(yǔ)和句型,結(jié)合語(yǔ)法部分的訓(xùn)練是重點(diǎn),在聽力中形成一定的條件反射,有助于提高對(duì)會(huì)話和演講語(yǔ)言的敏感程度。
三、雅思聽力復(fù)述能力訓(xùn)練
復(fù)述是在跟讀的基礎(chǔ)上,聽完一個(gè)句子或語(yǔ)段,然后進(jìn)行復(fù)述,這個(gè)時(shí)候是不可以看錄音原文的,這個(gè)方法也可以鍛煉記憶能力。
具體練的時(shí)候要循序漸進(jìn),可由一兩句開始,聽完后用自己的話把所聽到的內(nèi)容說(shuō)出來(lái),一遍復(fù)述不下來(lái),可多聽?zhēng)妆?,越練遺忘就越少。在跟讀的時(shí)候要不斷比較自己和錄音原文的區(qū)別,一般要讀準(zhǔn)一句話需要花兩到三遍左右,才能準(zhǔn)確模仿語(yǔ)音。
國(guó)內(nèi)學(xué)生的雅思聽力成績(jī)的提升對(duì)于整個(gè)雅思成績(jī)影響很大的,因此提升雅思聽力能力至關(guān)重要,更多雅思信息可關(guān)注新航道雅思頻道。
]]>那么雅思小作文一般會(huì)出什么題呢?雅思小作文類型有哪些呢?一般來(lái)說(shuō),雅思小作文都是圖表作文,當(dāng)然,圖表的類型主要有五大類,這五大類是:表格圖,曲線圖,柱狀圖,餅狀圖和綜合圖五大類。
這五大類雅思小作文的圖表類型的出題頻次具體如下:
一般情況來(lái)說(shuō),柱圖和曲線圖是每個(gè)月雅思??嫉念}型,有時(shí)候會(huì)有連考或者交替考的趨勢(shì)出現(xiàn)。
餅圖和表格題也是相對(duì)出現(xiàn)頻率比較高的題型。偶爾也會(huì)考到綜合題的。
綜合圖圖表主要分為流程圖和地圖題兩種,一般每季度輪換題庫(kù)的時(shí)候會(huì)出現(xiàn)。不管考到哪一種題型,其要求都是一致的,先要挑選重要數(shù)值并且在相關(guān)處作比較。
五大雅思小作文類型的寫作要點(diǎn)具體如下:
一、表格圖圖表作文的寫作要點(diǎn):
1.橫向比較。介紹橫向各個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)的區(qū)別,以及變化和趨勢(shì)。
2.不需要將每一個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)分別來(lái)說(shuō)明,突出強(qiáng)調(diào)數(shù)據(jù)較大值和較小值。
3.對(duì)比時(shí)候要總結(jié)出數(shù)據(jù)對(duì)比,比較懸殊的和比較小的。
二、曲線圖圖表作文的寫作要點(diǎn)
1.說(shuō)明
也可以說(shuō)是對(duì)圖表當(dāng)中比較高的,比較低的點(diǎn)要進(jìn)行說(shuō)明。
2.趨勢(shì)說(shuō)明
也可以說(shuō)是對(duì)圖表當(dāng)中曲線的連續(xù)變化進(jìn)行說(shuō)明,如上升,下降,波動(dòng),持平。
3.交點(diǎn)說(shuō)明
也可以說(shuō)是,對(duì)圖表當(dāng)中多根曲線的交**點(diǎn)進(jìn)行對(duì)比說(shuō)明。
三、餅狀圖圖表和柱狀圖作文的寫作要點(diǎn)
1.介紹各扇面以及總體的關(guān)系。
2.各個(gè)扇面之間的比較,同類扇面在不同的時(shí)間,不同地點(diǎn)的,進(jìn)行的比較。
3.關(guān)鍵突出特點(diǎn)比較明顯的扇面:比較大的,比較小的,互相成倍的等。
四、綜合圖圖表作文的寫作要點(diǎn)
1.不求甚解,不拘泥于細(xì)節(jié)。
2.分門別類,分段落詳細(xì)介紹各個(gè)圖表。
3.不畫蛇添足,主觀臆斷或者猜測(cè)圖表之間的關(guān)系。
雅思小作文一般都會(huì)出圖表作文,因此考生們?cè)谄綍r(shí)要多練習(xí)圖表寫作,并掌握這五大類型的圖表的寫作要點(diǎn),這樣有利于拿到雅思小作文的好成績(jī)。
以上是小編給大家分享的雅思小作文類型有哪幾種的內(nèi)容。希望大家可以仔細(xì)的閱讀,若還想了解更多的有關(guān)雅思考的信息,可以點(diǎn)擊頁(yè)面的咨詢框進(jìn)行相關(guān)問(wèn)題的咨詢,會(huì)有專業(yè)的老師為你解答。
環(huán)球雅思秉持教育成就未來(lái)的理念,專注于為中國(guó)學(xué)子提供優(yōu)質(zhì)的出國(guó)語(yǔ)言培訓(xùn)及配套服務(wù)。環(huán)球雅思在教學(xué)中采用“九步閉環(huán)法”,幫助學(xué)生快速提升學(xué)習(xí)效能,同時(shí)提供優(yōu)質(zhì)的課后服務(wù),跟進(jìn)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)進(jìn)程,為優(yōu)質(zhì)教學(xué)提供堅(jiān)強(qiáng)的保障。目前,環(huán)球雅思東莞學(xué)校已構(gòu)建了包含語(yǔ)言培訓(xùn)、出國(guó)咨詢、國(guó)際課程、游學(xué)考察、在線課程等在內(nèi)的一站式服務(wù)教育生態(tài)圈。相關(guān)問(wèn)題可在線免費(fèi)咨詢,或撥打免費(fèi)熱線0769-21682008~
]]>一、感謝信
1.書信作文構(gòu)造
寫感謝信時(shí),書信作文行為主體一部分通常分成3個(gè)語(yǔ)段。首段簡(jiǎn)單自我介紹,說(shuō)明自身的真實(shí)身份(假如給較為生疏的人寫信給),表明寫信給的目地而且表達(dá)清晰對(duì)另一方的感激。第四段詳細(xì)描述另一方幫助的全過(guò)程,事兒產(chǎn)生的實(shí)際關(guān)鍵點(diǎn),注重另一方幫忙解決困難的必要性。第三段明確提出另一方好心的提議,并再度表述自身的謝謝之情。
2.常用句型
1)I take this opportunity to express to you my deep appreciation for the kind assistance you rendered me.
2)I wish there were a better word than thanks to express my appreciation for your generous help.
3)My appreciation to you for your generous help is beyond words. I wish I could repay it one day.
4)Please accept my most cordial thanks for your timely help, which I will always remember.
5)Thank you from the bottom of my heart for your kind help.
6)I hope to have an opportunity to reciprocate your generosity.
7)I appreciate the support you have provided and your assistance has been invaluable to me.
二、致歉信
1.書信作文構(gòu)造
致歉信一般 有4個(gè)關(guān)鍵一部分。首位一部分簡(jiǎn)單自我介紹,表明寫信給目地,給自己犯錯(cuò)的事深表歉意。其次一部分表明那時(shí)候狀況并表述緣故,明確提出強(qiáng)有力的見解,偏重于客觀事實(shí)。最后一部分明確提出挽救計(jì)劃方案,表述自身想改了或是挽救的想法,留意考慮到收信人的心態(tài)。最終部分再度致歉,首尾呼應(yīng),表述不再次發(fā)生一樣不正確的心愿,創(chuàng)建個(gè)人信用和信賴。
2.常用句型
1)I just wanted to write you a quick note to apologise for not being able to keep our appointment tomorrow.
2)In deference to your valuable time,I would like to get straight to the point and admit that I was wrong.
3)I really hope that you will be able to accept my apology.
4)Please accept my apologies for…
5)Please accept my sincere apology for missing the interview scheduled for…
6)Please accept my apology for the delay and thank you for your understanding.
三、投訴信
1.書信結(jié)構(gòu)
投訴信是雅思考試中最常見的一種,寫信時(shí)應(yīng)該重點(diǎn)包括三個(gè)部分。第一部分為自我介紹、投訴事由、自己的感受等;第二部分為投訴的事實(shí)與理由,具體描述當(dāng)時(shí)的情形,如人物、時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)和原因等。指出具體問(wèn)題及其所產(chǎn)生的后果;第三部分可分為提出個(gè)人要求或者建議,清晰說(shuō)明讀信人可以做的補(bǔ)救措施,希望有關(guān)部門和人士做出相應(yīng)的改進(jìn),以及提出愿望,希望早日得到答復(fù)。
2.常用句型
1)I am writing to express my dissatisfaction with .
2)There are some problems with that I wish to bring to your attention.
3)I regret to inform you that .
4)You can imagine my disappointment when I discovered that _.
5)You can imagine my feelings when I realized that this would mean .
6)Even though I telephoned you about , .
7)I hope that the authorities concerned will consider my suggestions and improve the situation as best as they can.
8)We trust that you will now consider this matter seriously and make an effort to prevent the recurrence of this kind.
9)We will appreciate your willingness to make up for the loss.
四、邀請(qǐng)信
1.書信結(jié)構(gòu)
寫邀請(qǐng)信時(shí),書信主體應(yīng)該至少寫到三個(gè)部分。第一部分自我介紹,大概描述活動(dòng)或計(jì)劃的內(nèi)容并指定被邀請(qǐng)參加的人。第二部分指定日期、地址和時(shí)間。提出邀請(qǐng),希望對(duì)方參加。如果恰當(dāng)?shù)脑?,清楚指明出席活?dòng)所需要做的準(zhǔn)備,如著裝要求等。第三部分設(shè)定要求對(duì)方回復(fù)的日期,并表達(dá)感謝。
2.常用句型
1)I would like to invite you to dinner and be our guest.
2)I would like to invite you to join us and attend this meeting.
3)I am glad to invite you to participate in my graduation ceremony.
4)I am honoured to invite you to our wedding, as I understand that you only come to visit on special occasions.
5)Your presence is immediately requested.
五、建議信
1.書信結(jié)構(gòu)
寫建議信,主要有三個(gè)部分。第一部分自我介紹,指出存在的問(wèn)題,簡(jiǎn)要指出其可能的不良后果。第二部分具體介紹情況:表示對(duì)存在問(wèn)題有興趣,分析其產(chǎn)生原因,并提出合理建議。將最重要的建議放在首尾。強(qiáng)調(diào)所有重要的事項(xiàng)。第三部分期望對(duì)方對(duì)該問(wèn)題重視,早日解決問(wèn)題并表達(dá)自己愿意提供進(jìn)一步的幫助。
2.常用句型
1) If I can be of any assistance in any way,please do not hesitate to call me.
2) I am available at Flat 304,Green Revenue,St.Eden,if you require any further information.
3) I am happy to supply any further information you may require and I look forward to hearing from you shortly.
4) Please contact me if I can be of any assistance.
六、咨詢求助信
1.書信結(jié)構(gòu)
咨詢信一般分為三部分:第一部分自我介紹,說(shuō)明寫信目的(詢問(wèn)某方面情況),指明你所需要的信息;第二部分提供相關(guān)背景信息,指出你為什么需要這些信息。詢問(wèn)具體相關(guān)事宜。指明你什么時(shí)候需要這些信息;第三部分表達(dá)請(qǐng)求幫助的愿望,預(yù)先感謝對(duì)方的幫助,并表示希望早日得到答復(fù)。
2.常用句型
1)I would be much obliged to you if you could let me know the procedures I have to go through.
2)Your prompt and favorable attention to my inquiry would be highly appreciated.
3)I am looking forward to a favorable reply/response at your earliest convenience.
4)Would you provide me with some valuable advice?
5)Your kind reply will be highly appreciated.
6)It would be greatly appreciated if you could furnish me with relevant booklets on the above-mentioned aspects.
7)I am writing to enquire whether I may become a member of your club.
8)I would be grateful if you could let me know your annual fee charges and any other information which would be useful.
9)Please let me know as soon as possible how you propose to settle this matter.
10)Although at this time of year you will have more work to deal with than usual, I would appreciate a reply in a not too distant future.
希望以上內(nèi)容能否對(duì)您有些許幫助,如有雅思托福備考相關(guān)問(wèn)題可以在線咨詢環(huán)球雅思老師,看見后第一時(shí)間為同學(xué)們解答疑問(wèn)。環(huán)球雅思秉持教育成就未來(lái)的理念,專注于為中國(guó)學(xué)子提供優(yōu)質(zhì)的出國(guó)語(yǔ)言培訓(xùn)及配套服務(wù)。環(huán)球雅思在教學(xué)中采用“九步閉環(huán)法”,幫助學(xué)生快速提升學(xué)習(xí)效能,同時(shí)提供優(yōu)質(zhì)的課后服務(wù),跟進(jìn)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)進(jìn)程,為優(yōu)質(zhì)教學(xué)提供堅(jiān)強(qiáng)的保障。目前,環(huán)球雅思東莞學(xué)校已構(gòu)建了包含語(yǔ)言培訓(xùn)、出國(guó)咨詢、國(guó)際課程、游學(xué)考察、在線課程等在內(nèi)的一站式服務(wù)教育生態(tài)圈。相關(guān)問(wèn)題可在線免費(fèi)咨詢,或撥打免費(fèi)熱線0769-21682008~
]]>對(duì)于雅思培訓(xùn)學(xué)校而言,提分率很重要,因?yàn)閷W(xué)生的考試得分直觀體現(xiàn)出了這個(gè)學(xué)校辦學(xué)能力與師資的教學(xué)能力。一個(gè)有能力的學(xué)校會(huì)為學(xué)生提供科學(xué)專業(yè)的教學(xué)體系、有能力的師資隊(duì)伍、有效的學(xué)習(xí)方法、課下答疑服務(wù),幫助學(xué)習(xí)者盡快實(shí)現(xiàn)理想分。而一個(gè)學(xué)校如果具備強(qiáng)大的師資隊(duì)伍體系,且同時(shí)提升教學(xué)服務(wù)水平,優(yōu)化教學(xué)項(xiàng)目,那么雅思提分是水到渠成的。因此了解一個(gè)學(xué)校往年學(xué)生的提分率高低,是檢驗(yàn)一個(gè)學(xué)校能力的關(guān)鍵要素。

雅思收費(fèi)高不高應(yīng)該看機(jī)構(gòu)上課方式
雅思學(xué)習(xí)費(fèi)用多少錢同學(xué)生選的培訓(xùn)類型有特別大的干系。不同的上課類型,一樣的班型安排,費(fèi)用也有差距。如今雅思學(xué)習(xí)機(jī)構(gòu)就是去機(jī)構(gòu)面對(duì)面培訓(xùn)同網(wǎng)絡(luò)上課兩個(gè)類型。通常雅思班課面對(duì)面培訓(xùn)費(fèi)用相比網(wǎng)絡(luò)學(xué)習(xí)要多一些。1v1學(xué)習(xí)費(fèi)用要看雅思學(xué)習(xí)機(jī)構(gòu),有一些學(xué)習(xí)機(jī)構(gòu)網(wǎng)絡(luò)1v1學(xué)習(xí)費(fèi)用同線下1v1學(xué)習(xí)一樣沒(méi)有變化。有些學(xué)習(xí)機(jī)構(gòu)網(wǎng)絡(luò)1v1比線下1v1學(xué)習(xí)少20%左右。
授課成績(jī)?cè)趺礃芋w現(xiàn)
一個(gè)雅思培訓(xùn)機(jī)構(gòu)的出分率很重要,因?yàn)榭忌目荚嚦煽?jī)首先體現(xiàn)出了該學(xué)校辦學(xué)實(shí)力跟老師的授課實(shí)力。一個(gè)有實(shí)力的學(xué)校會(huì)為考生定制專業(yè)的教學(xué)體系、有實(shí)力的師資團(tuán)隊(duì)、高效的學(xué)習(xí)策略、課后輔導(dǎo)服務(wù),幫助學(xué)員盡快考到理想分。而一個(gè)學(xué)校如果具備強(qiáng)大的師資培養(yǎng)體系,且同時(shí)提高授課服務(wù)水平,優(yōu)化授課項(xiàng)目,那么雅思提分是不難的。所以掌握一個(gè)學(xué)校歷年來(lái)考生的出分率高低,是檢驗(yàn)一個(gè)學(xué)校實(shí)力的重要要素。
機(jī)構(gòu)是依據(jù)雅思授課方式來(lái)定價(jià)的
雅思培訓(xùn)收費(fèi)多少同學(xué)員選的授課方式也有很大的關(guān)聯(lián)。不同的授課方式,相同的班型安排,收費(fèi)也不同。當(dāng)下雅思培訓(xùn)學(xué)校就是去課堂學(xué)習(xí)同網(wǎng)上授課兩種方式?;厩闆r下雅思小班課學(xué)習(xí)收費(fèi)比網(wǎng)上培訓(xùn)要高很多。1V1培訓(xùn)收費(fèi)還得看雅思培訓(xùn)學(xué)校,有些個(gè)培訓(xùn)學(xué)校網(wǎng)上1V1培訓(xùn)收費(fèi)同面對(duì)面1V1培訓(xùn)一樣的。也有一些培訓(xùn)學(xué)校網(wǎng)上1V1會(huì)比面對(duì)面1V1培訓(xùn)優(yōu)惠25%左右。
]]>雅思寫作備考的時(shí)候,正確使用句子和單詞,包括單字的正確拼寫、詞語(yǔ)在特定句子中的正確使用、正確的句子模式。需要注意的是,請(qǐng)勿在文章中使用中式英語(yǔ),這就要求構(gòu)思時(shí)不要用中文思維,寫作時(shí)還要仔細(xì)斟酌文章的語(yǔ)句。
一.如何提高雅思的寫作水平
1.對(duì)癥下藥。由于雅思寫作是一種限制范圍較嚴(yán)格的命題型書面語(yǔ)言能力測(cè)試,換句話說(shuō),該測(cè)試的目的在于考察考生在指定范圍、規(guī)定時(shí)間內(nèi)的書面語(yǔ)言表達(dá)能力如何。所以在剛剛接觸雅思的考生們,盡量先仔細(xì)了解一下官方的評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn),同時(shí)尋找自身的缺陷。
2.擯棄高分句型。不要“迷戀”高分句型,那只適合作為參考,這種“拿來(lái)主義”只會(huì)給人刻板的印象,總讓人感覺(jué)不是考生自己的真實(shí)語(yǔ)言。
3.充分利用好試題。很多考生喜歡臨時(shí)抱佛腳,將寶壓在預(yù)測(cè)機(jī)經(jīng)上,機(jī)經(jīng)是非常實(shí)用,但多看多研究歷年試題,并對(duì)各類話題進(jìn)行分析比較,多積累相關(guān)話題的近期生活和社會(huì)實(shí)例,可以更好地加強(qiáng)自己的論證能力。
二.雅思寫作如何提高到6分
1.正確使用句子和單詞。這是基本的一點(diǎn),包括單字的正確拼寫、詞語(yǔ)在特定句子中的正確使用、正確的句子模式。注意:請(qǐng)勿在文章中使用中式英語(yǔ),這就要求構(gòu)思時(shí)不要用中文思維,寫作時(shí)要仔細(xì)斟酌文章的語(yǔ)句。
2.文章語(yǔ)句的多樣化。這點(diǎn)必須在句子與詞語(yǔ)的正確上來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)。句子的多樣化是反映英語(yǔ)水平的關(guān)鍵,也是在文章中獲得良好結(jié)果的關(guān)鍵。如非謂詞從句、定語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句等,以及簡(jiǎn)單句子、復(fù)雜句子的綜合使用。
3.實(shí)現(xiàn)句子連貫性。句子連貫性的主要要求是:在雅思寫作的正文中,段與段、點(diǎn)與點(diǎn)都是需要一些邏輯連接詞的,這樣才能確定文章的連續(xù)性。句式的連貫性也是考生們比較容易達(dá)到的一個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn),只要在日常雅思寫作時(shí),總結(jié)一些比較高質(zhì)量的連接詞,并且練習(xí)至能夠靈活使用即可。
三.雅思考試寫作注意事項(xiàng)
1.注意把握時(shí)間。雅思寫作考試要求考生需在一小時(shí)內(nèi)完成至少150字(20分鐘)的說(shuō)明文或信件,以及一篇至少250字(40分鐘)的議論文。因此,考生需要合理安排時(shí)間,建議考生們先易后難,先做Task1,并且Task1盡量控制在20分鐘內(nèi)完成,然后再寫Task2。還有就是在考前一定要多練多寫,掌握時(shí)間。
2.注意控制字?jǐn)?shù)。盡管雅思作文考試的沒(méi)有上限要求,但有下限要求,所以考生們應(yīng)注意字?jǐn)?shù)不能過(guò)少,但同時(shí)也要注意字?jǐn)?shù)不要過(guò)多。一般來(lái)說(shuō),大多數(shù)高分小作文字?jǐn)?shù)都在180左右,而大作文也在280左右。
3.注意格式和卷面整潔。一般來(lái)說(shuō),潦草的筆跡和不整潔的卷面會(huì)在一定程度上影響考官對(duì)文章內(nèi)容的理解,從而影響得分。因此,在書寫過(guò)程中,請(qǐng)注意保持卷面整潔。
]]>雅思考試是英國(guó)文化協(xié)會(huì)(British Council)為了評(píng)估外國(guó)人英語(yǔ)水平而設(shè)計(jì)的一種國(guó)際性考試,它的總分是滿分9分,每個(gè)模塊的分?jǐn)?shù)最高為9分,最低為0分。那么雅思7分是什么水平?一起來(lái)看看那吧!
一、雅思7分是什么水平
1.如果總分能考到7分的話,那聽力閱讀至少得7.5分以上,因?yàn)閷懽骺谡Z(yǔ)想達(dá)到6.5分以上都是很難的,何況是達(dá)到7分,所以需要在其他單項(xiàng)上多加提分以求平衡。
2.中國(guó)大陸考生中大部分拿到7分的同學(xué)都是靠聽力和閱讀將總分提起來(lái),比如聽力8.5分,閱讀8分,寫作6.5分,口語(yǔ)6分這樣的分?jǐn)?shù)分布。
3.英語(yǔ)專業(yè)能過(guò)專四專八的學(xué)生所掌握的詞匯量和對(duì)語(yǔ)言的運(yùn)用能力基本是可以達(dá)到雅思6分-7分左右的英語(yǔ)水平。高中英語(yǔ)130以上基本上雅思能考到5-6分。
4.所以要是想考7分就要非常努力的準(zhǔn)備,聽說(shuō)讀寫四單項(xiàng)都不能差。所以說(shuō)起來(lái)還是相當(dāng)不容易考到7分的。
5.雅思6分詞匯量相當(dāng)于大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四、六級(jí)的詞匯水平,而要想考到雅思7分需要多少詞匯量呢?
6.雅思的詞匯量官方數(shù)據(jù)是7000,高中畢業(yè)的學(xué)生詞匯量一般是3500~4000。當(dāng)然這些都是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的,也要看你自身的詞匯功底怎么樣?有點(diǎn)學(xué)生高中的時(shí)候詞匯也可以達(dá)到5000—6000,基礎(chǔ)差的同學(xué)連高中標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的3000都達(dá)不到。
7.大概估計(jì)雅思7分的詞匯量應(yīng)該需要8000多,一般能精用5000左右。
8.雅思7分標(biāo)準(zhǔn):雅思成績(jī)達(dá)到7分者屬于良好使用者。在英語(yǔ)表達(dá)和使用方面流利、準(zhǔn)確、偶有錯(cuò)誤。能夠有效運(yùn)用英語(yǔ),雖然偶爾出現(xiàn)不準(zhǔn)確,不恰當(dāng)和誤解,大致可將復(fù)雜的英語(yǔ)掌握的不錯(cuò),也能理解詳細(xì)的推理。
二、雅思7分能報(bào)考哪些學(xué)校
英國(guó):劍橋大學(xué)、曼徹斯特大學(xué)、圣安德魯斯大學(xué)、愛丁堡大學(xué)、??速愄卮髮W(xué)、蘭卡斯特大學(xué)管理學(xué)院等。
美國(guó):耶魯大學(xué)、哥倫比亞大學(xué)、斯坦福大學(xué)、芝加哥大學(xué)、杜克大學(xué)、康奈爾大學(xué)、達(dá)特茅斯學(xué)院、約翰霍普金斯大學(xué)等。
特別提醒:如果大家想要了解更多英語(yǔ)方面知識(shí),或者想要深入學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)的,可以掃以下二維碼,定制網(wǎng)校精品課程,高效實(shí)用的個(gè)性化學(xué)習(xí)方案,專屬督導(dǎo)全程伴學(xué) 。
]]>雅思寫作考試是一種限制范圍較嚴(yán)格的命題型書面語(yǔ)言能力測(cè)試。該項(xiàng)考試目的不僅要測(cè)試考生書面語(yǔ)言的表達(dá)能力,更需要考察考生在指定任務(wù)的范圍內(nèi)使用書面語(yǔ)言的表達(dá)能力。根據(jù)考題答題是該項(xiàng)考試最看重的部分,尤其體現(xiàn)在議論文寫作。寫作的評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)有別于其它的英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言考試。其標(biāo)準(zhǔn)更全面,更綜合。每篇文章將從內(nèi)容完成情況(Task Achievement)、連貫性和一致性(Coherence and Cohesion)、詞匯量(Lexical Resource)以及語(yǔ)法掌握的范圍和精確度(Grammatical Range and Accuracy)四方面綜合評(píng)判。每一項(xiàng)目各占四分之一權(quán)重,并輔以不同分?jǐn)?shù)段的各項(xiàng)指標(biāo)的詳細(xì)描述。如果學(xué)生過(guò)度偏重某個(gè)項(xiàng)目的訓(xùn)練,尤其是花費(fèi)大量的時(shí)間在背單詞上,其效果往往事倍功半。
所以對(duì)于剛剛接觸雅思的考生而言,最好先仔細(xì)研究官方評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn),尋求自身的缺陷。小編建議考生多看歷年真題回憶,并對(duì)各類話題進(jìn)行分析比較,重點(diǎn)訓(xùn)練自己的讀題和解題能力??梢远喾e累相關(guān)話題的近期生活和社會(huì)實(shí)例,并加強(qiáng)訓(xùn)練舉例論證能力。
知道了雅思寫作官方評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn),那么十天突破雅思作文不是不可以。
首先,要對(duì)小作文和大作文都給予重視。
雅思寫作考試先考的是小作文,再是大作文,相信考官也是從小作文開始批閱試卷的。如果小作文寫的沒(méi)有什么亮點(diǎn),那么,考官對(duì)考生的首要印象分,也就是說(shuō)對(duì)考生英語(yǔ)寫作水平有了一個(gè)不是很好的評(píng)價(jià),如若大作文寫的也一般,那整體寫作分?jǐn)?shù)當(dāng)然不會(huì)高了。但是相反,小作文寫的非常不錯(cuò),達(dá)到可以拿高分的水平,那大作文中沒(méi)有犯什么大的錯(cuò)誤的話,也可以拿一個(gè)不錯(cuò)的分?jǐn)?shù)。因此,考生一定要把小作文寫好,一篇高質(zhì)量的小作文加上一篇中規(guī)中矩的大作文而最終取得的分?jǐn)?shù)不會(huì)低。
其次,要懂得利用短語(yǔ)、語(yǔ)句以豐富語(yǔ)言表達(dá)。
寫作考試考察的是考生的書面英語(yǔ)應(yīng)用能力,即對(duì)書面表達(dá)能力和語(yǔ)言能力的考察,反映出了考生的真實(shí)能力,想要取得高分的話就不能掉以輕心。
因此,考生想有所突破的話,考生除了學(xué)習(xí)優(yōu)秀范文中的精華之處,比如,短語(yǔ)、語(yǔ)句如何更好的表達(dá),寫作思路,文章邏輯思維等,還要每天堅(jiān)持寫一篇范文,在作文中要充分、恰當(dāng)使用語(yǔ)句短語(yǔ),這樣不僅可以增強(qiáng)語(yǔ)感,豐富語(yǔ)言表達(dá),也是十天突破雅思寫作的關(guān)鍵一步。通過(guò)不斷的堅(jiān)持,考生會(huì)慢慢發(fā)現(xiàn)自己在提升,保證寫作分?jǐn)?shù)不低于6分沒(méi)有問(wèn)題。
最后,要提高語(yǔ)法水準(zhǔn)及恰當(dāng)利用成語(yǔ)、諺語(yǔ)等素材。
寫作是最能檢測(cè)出考生的語(yǔ)法功底的一門考試,因?yàn)閷懽魇且环N輸出,考生要把自己所積累的,所掌握的應(yīng)用在自己的作文中很多考生喜歡臨時(shí)抱佛腳,考前對(duì)網(wǎng)上預(yù)測(cè)的考題進(jìn)行重點(diǎn)準(zhǔn)備,甚至全文撰寫背誦。這一方法效果特差。因?yàn)轭A(yù)測(cè)的往往是主要話題,在措辭上與當(dāng)前的真題有一定距離。而且很多考生備考時(shí)很實(shí)用主義,準(zhǔn)備了環(huán)保的文章,往往不做改動(dòng)就在考試時(shí)照搬。其結(jié)果往往是:差之毫厘,謬以千里。內(nèi)容上的文不對(duì)題,往往使分?jǐn)?shù)不堪入目。就拿語(yǔ)法來(lái)說(shuō),如果考生犯一些最低級(jí)的語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤,那么給考官就不能留下好的印象了,所以考生在平時(shí)要加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)法的學(xué)習(xí)。此外,成語(yǔ)、諺語(yǔ)等素材的恰當(dāng)使用也是十天突破雅思寫作的一個(gè)助推器,不過(guò)前提是考生要真正的了解所應(yīng)用的成語(yǔ)或諺語(yǔ)等素材的意思并在文章中插入的恰當(dāng),這樣才可以給考官帶來(lái)耳目一新的感覺(jué)。反之,如若考生隨意使用,只會(huì)畫蛇添足,考官是不會(huì)給高分的。
一切皆有可能,十天突破雅思寫作也不無(wú)可能。關(guān)鍵是要做好每一天的準(zhǔn)備,找準(zhǔn)自己的薄弱之處并總結(jié),加以改進(jìn)。不過(guò),如果考生的英語(yǔ)基礎(chǔ)還有待改進(jìn)的話最好不要急于一時(shí),先打好基礎(chǔ),才有能力向上攀登,否則說(shuō)再多也是枉然。
總的來(lái)說(shuō),一切都是皆有可能的,十天突破雅思寫作也是一種可能的存在,關(guān)鍵就是考生應(yīng)該要做好每一天的準(zhǔn)備,找到自己比較弱的地方加以總結(jié)和改進(jìn)。
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